Exploit Notes

Wireshark Cheat Sheet

Last modified: 2024-03-26

Network

Network protocol analyzer. It uses the pcapng file format.

Settings

Datetime Format When Packets Sent

Select “View → Time Display Format → Date and Time of Day”.


Filters

Enter the following text in a filtering form.

Datetime

frame.time >= "Jan 2, 2023 08:00:00" && frame.time <= "Jan 5, 2023 08:00:00"

DNS

dns
udp.port == 53

# Record type
dns.qry.type == 1   # A record
dns.qry.type == 2   # NS record
dns.qry.type == 5   # CNAME record
dns.qry.type == 6   # SOA record
dns.qry.type == 15  # MX record
dns.qry.type == 16  # TXT record
dns.qry.type == 28  # AAAA record
dns.qry.type == 252 # AXFR

# Query name
dns.qry.name matches "example.com"

# Reponse
dns.flags.response == 0 # No response

FTP

ftp
ftp-data

HTTP & HTTPS

# HTTP
http
tcp.port == 80

# HTTPS
ssl
tcp.port == 443

tcp.port == 80 || tcp.port == 443

# Methods
http.request.method == GET
http.request.method == POST

# Domains
http.host matches "example.com"
http.host == "example.com"

ICMP

icmp

IP Address

ip.addr == 10.0.0.1
ip.addr != 10.0.0.2
ip.addr == 10.0.0.1 && ip.addr == 10.0.0.2
ip.src == 10.0.0.1
ip.dst == 10.0.0.2
ip.src == 10.0.0.1 && ip.dst != 10.0.0.0/24

Kerberos (KRB4, KRB5)

kerberos
krb4

SMB

smb
smb2

SMTP

smtp
smtp.req.parameter contains "FROM"

SSH

ssh
tcp.port == 22

Detailed Information

  1. Right click on the row item.
  2. Select Follow -> TCP Stream. Another window opens.
  3. Find information by clicking the arrow on the right of "Stream *".

More Information

  • Analyze -> Expert Information

    Read the expert information.

  • Statistics -> Capture File Properties

    Read the capture file comments.

  • Statistics → Conversations

    List IP conversations. We can find IP addresses involved in the traffic.

  • Statistics → Protocol Hierarchy

    Show usage of ports and services.

  • View -> Name Resolution

    Resolve IP addresses.


Data Exfiltration via DNS

  1. Enter "dns" in filter form

  2. If you found a domain such as follow, you may be able to retrieve threats.

    93616e64792043...2038343931.vulnerable.com

  3. For example, decode "936...".


Data Exfiltration via HTTP

  1. Open File -> Export Objects -> HTTP... .
  2. Click "Save all".
  3. Analyze steganographic files using tools like steghide.

WiFi Handshakes

When importing pcap file, then if we found the capture file is about WiFi handshakes, we can crack the WiFi password using this file.

aircrack-ng example.pcap -w wordlist.txt

Decrypting SSL/TLS Traffic

To retrieve data from TLS communications, we need to import the certificates (private key) into the WireShark at first. To find the certificates, the following commands may be useful in the server:

find / -name "*.key" 2>/dev/null
find /etc/apache2/ -name "*.key" 2>/dev/null
find /etc/nginx/ -name "*.key" 2>/dev/null

After getting the private key (e.g. ssl_private.key), we can import it in the WireShark as below:

  1. In WireShark, go to the Edit → Preferences → Protocols → TLS.
  2. Click the RSA key list Edit... and fill each field (Ip address, Port, Protocol). The Protocol field value must be tcp. Then specify our found private key in the Key File. Click OK.
  3. Fill TLS debug fild with arbitrary file name. Click OK.

Now we can observe TLS communication as HTTP.


Decrypt Kerberos Cipher Data

Seeing packet details for the Kerberos packet, we may see the encrypted data and the CNAME string as such below:

Kerberos:
  ...
  etype: eTYPE-AES256-CTS-HMAC-SHA1-96 (18)
  cipher: abcdef01234...
  ...
  cname
    cname-string:
      CNameString: example
  realm: EXAMPLE.LOCAL

We may be able to decrypt the cipher value by cracking it.

Copy the cipher value (e.g. abcdef01234…) and concatenate with the krb format (e.g. $krb...) as below.

The format is something like:

$krb5pa$[etype_number]$[cname]$[realm]$[cipher]

So make the formatted string and crack the hash using hashcat:

# Kerberos 5, etype 17, Pre-Auth
echo -n '$krb5pa$17$example$EXAMPLE.LOCAL$abcdef01234..' > hash.txt
hashcat -m 19800 hash.txt wordlist.txt

# Kerberos 5, etype 18, Pre-Auth
echo -n '$krb5pa$18$example$EXAMPLE.LOCAL$abcdef01234...' > hash.txt
hashcat -m 19900 hash.txt wordlist.txt

Crack WiFi Password

In Wireshark, go to File → Save As... and save the traffic as .pcap file. Then check the target network using aircrack-ng as below:

aircrack-ng example.pcap

If the network found, crack the password:

aircrack-ng example.pcap -w wordlist.txt

After cracking, we can set it to the WireShark preference.

  1. In WireShark, go to Edit → Preferences → Protocols → IEEE 802.11. And click on the Edit of Decryption Keys.
  2. Select wpa-pwd for the Key type and fill the password for the Key.